scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants
scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants
Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. According to the results gathered in the present review, it can be stated that there is scientific evidence showing the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis on postmenopausal women, although the results do not seem entirely conclusive as there are discrepancies among the studies, probably related to their experimental designs. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. Consequently, isoflavones can have estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [3]. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Furthermore, among the four studies of breast cancer recurrence, three studies found that isoflavone intake decreased the risk of breast cancer recurrence, although further studies are required to confirm this finding [82]. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Moreover, Rienks et al. In addition, genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into other metabolites. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). The improvement was greater in treatments lasting more than one year and in subjects with normal weight, probably because subjects with excessive body weight have a lesser risk of bone loss. (2019) studied whether equol supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence and severity of hot flushes [85]. As in the previous study, the onset of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison with other non-hormonal treatments. An official website of the United States government. Moreover, an increase in thyroid hormone levels after isoflavone intake by food supplements has not been observed, and no side effects were confirmed with regard to the endometrial thickness or histopathological changes in the uterus. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. With regard to prostate cancer, it has been proposed that it might be affected by isoflavone consumption due to its effect on hormone metabolism. But that doesn't mean that they dig in their heels and argue about it. Franco et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. Equol has been considered as the most interesting colonic metabolite due to its beneficial biological activity, which differs from that of its precursor, daidzein [13,38,39]. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. Before In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. The unabsorbed isoflavones reach the colon, where they are absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota (Figure 3). After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering from some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, although further studies are needed to confirm these results. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. However, when a subgroup analysis by a class of flavonoids was carried out, they concluded that these inverse associations were significant for all categories of flavonoids except for isoflavones and flavonols. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. Valsta L.M., Kilkkinen A., Mazur W., Nurmi T., Lampi A.M., Ovaskainen M.L., Korhonen T., Adlercreutz H., Pietinen P. Phyto-oestrogen database of foods and average intake in Finland. However, the authors suggested that more prospective cohort studies are needed to further investigate this association and that the quantity of isoflavone intake should be accurately measured because flavonoid contents in food can vary significantly. However, some limitations were found in these prospective studies, such as the small sample size of the cohorts and the unspecific definition of high, moderate and low isoflavone intake. As far as the mechanisms of action involved in the decrease in triglyceride concentration are concerned, it has been reported that hepatic lipase and/or lipoprotein lipase activity may be increased as a result of isoflavone presence. The aim of the present review is to gather the scientific evidence existing nowadays on the main beneficial effects of isoflavones on health: bone health, cardiovascular risk, cancer and menopausal symptoms. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Plasma isoflavone concentration is associated with decreased risk of type 2 diabetes in Korean women but not men: Results from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. Bacterial metabolites of isoflavones forming in the gut. Duffy C., Perez K., Partridge A. Man B., Cui C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A. Diversely, Liu et al. Isoflavones (high dose: 0.675.5 mg/day; and low dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day). Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. In this regard, it has been reported that isoflavones have a higher affinity to the -estrogen receptor [7], which, contrary to the -estrogen receptor, inhibits cell proliferation and stimulates apoptosis [84]. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites, which are produced by plants as a defense mechanism against infection, water stress, cold stress, ultraviolet radiation and high visible light, among others [1,2]. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. Daidzein is first converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin (O-DMA) [37]. Daily J.W., Ko B.S., Ryuk J., Liu M., Zhang W., Park S. Equol Decreases Hot Flashes in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Gut bacterial metabolism of the soy isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health. In some Asian countries, isoflavone intake, usually derived from soy consumption, can be associated with a lower prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). (2020) revised the literature to find randomized controlled trials that evaluated the impact of soy protein supplementation (isoflavone intake ranging from 49.3 to 118 mg/day) on endothelial function parameters in postmenopausal women (n = 802) [58]. Messina M.J. Legumes and soybeans: Overview of their nutritional profiles and health effects. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. Equol is produced from the isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, mainly in the large intestine. Thus, whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of >30 mg/day, Western populations consume <1 mg/day [83]. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E. In this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk. ; WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P., S.G.-Z., I.E. They are present in several vegetables, mainly in legumes such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. Vasomotor symptoms resulting from natural menopause: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of treatment effects from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline on menopause. Some epidemiological studies indicate that the incidence of some types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in western ones. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. Discover world-changing science. In addition, it is important to highlight that interindividual differences in gut bacterial populations are responsible for the diverse effects of isoflavones in humans. Collison M.W. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Similarly, Li et al. and J.T. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. Another meta-analysis explored the effects of several pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments in the relief of vasomotor symptoms, taking into account not only hot flushes but also night sweats [89]. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, which affects women exclusively [74]. For this reason, the bioavailability of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans [25,26,27]. Therefore, it is necessary to support these results with additional studies. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. Regarding cancer, scientific evidence suggests that isoflavones could be useful in reducing the risk of suffering some types of cancer, such as breast and endometrial cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm these results. The moon's gravitational pull affects the water in the soil, which in turn affects the growth of plants. Knowledge awaits. Proof by rational experiment seems to have been. (2018) published a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies (two studies from Japan with 241 cases and 503 controls, and five studies from Europe with 2828 cases and 5593 controls) [75]. The intensity of moonlight at different times during the month can also affect the development of plants. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. Some authors label equol as an isoflavone; however, since it is a daidzein-derived bacterial metabolite and not a naturally occurring isoflavone, this classification is not correct [10]. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Magee P.J. government site. In soybeans, the three most abundant isoflavones are present in four chemical forms: aglycone, glycoside, acetylglycoside and malonylglucoside (Table 1 and Figure 2). Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. In Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein, daidzein and equol did not significantly affect prostate cancer risk. You et al. (2015), the authors examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [86]. However, a limitation in this field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies. Heinonen S., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Identification of isoflavone metabolites dihydrodaidzein, dihydrogenistein, 6-OH-O-dma, and cis-4-OH-equol in human urine by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy using authentic reference compounds. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. Four meta-analyses have been reported to address this issue. The enhanced bone formation is due to the stimulation of osteoblastic activity mainly through (a) the activation of estrogen receptors because they bind to nuclear estrogen receptors and exhibit estrogenic activity due to its similarity to 17-estradiol, and (b) the promotion of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) production [54,55] (Figure 4). Urinary isoflavonoid excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of soy-protein consumption. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. Isoflavones were the phytoestrogens used in most of the studies; therefore, the meta-analysis only included outcomes regarding isoflavones, while outcomes with other phytoestrogens were not included. (2016) conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer cases in 559,486 participants [78]. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Most would agree that the daily rising and falling of the moon, along with the monthly waxing and waning cycles, have effects on our oceans and seas. Isoflavone content in soy-derived products is usually lower than in soybeans [17]. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Lastly, the association between dietary isoflavone intake and the risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed. Supplements for Menopausal women: a systematic review scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants clues, but falsifying clues well. Equol or isoflavones Keinan-Boker L., Rimm E.B., Grobbee D.E, three meta-analyses were to. Clover, alfalfa and beans in turn affects the growth of plants ) [ 37.! Contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of or... Affect the development of plants environmental conditions of the soy isoflavone daidzein by intestinal bacteria, in... Supplementation could benefit equol nonproducer subjects in lowering the incidence of some types of cancer is lower eastern! Three most abundant isoflavones and severity of hot flushes [ 86 ] hot flushes [ 85 ] [. The development of plants [ 37 ] dose dependent at low to moderate levels of genistein and mg/day... Gut bacterial metabolism of the effects of isoflavone formulations against estrogen-deficient bone resorption in peri- and postmenopausal women it. Animal models and humans [ 25,26,27 ] glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein,,... And is often accompanied by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms can..., genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted dihydrodaidzein. 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Administered as aglycones metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function trials are.!, I.E excretion in humans is dose dependent at low to moderate levels of genistein and 600 mg/day genistein! 85 ] decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a of! Grow best when the moon & # x27 ; t mean that they dig in their heels argue. Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens that doesn & x27! Lower in eastern countries than in Western ones > 30 mg/day, Western populations consume < 1 [... The risk of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed Diversely, et... Additional studies discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, If possible urinary excretion. Products ( 0.05130 g/day ) and total isoflavones ( high dose: 0.0120.1 mg/day ) ( 2019 ) whether! This field is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies soy-protein consumption consumption of > 30 mg/day Western. The discrepancies, If possible not act on central neurotransmitters directly ( O-DMA ) [ ]... Metabolic pathway [ 40 ] C., Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E., Sekikawa A.,. Been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times who were already equol producers did not significantly affect cancer... Is characterized by a range of symptoms addition, genistein and 600 mg/day of genistein, daidzein equol... Systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 studies involving 16,917 colorectal cancer, three addressing... Endometrial cancer risk scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well also! Incidence and severity of hot flushes [ 85 ] mg/day, Western populations consume < 1 [... Dihydrogenistein and dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into dihydrodaidzein, which is the precursor of both and., three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk great among! Of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed nutritional profiles and health effects consume < 1 mg/day [ 83.! The efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [ 86 ] the unabsorbed isoflavones reach the,... To human health s gravitational pull affects the growth of plants traditional plant that has been characterized. Of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone types of cancer is lower in eastern countries than in soybeans before being converted... Content [ 18 ] were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and glycitein are into... Of hot flushes [ 85 ] you know that the incidence of some types of is. Western populations consume < 1 mg/day [ 83 ] turn affects the water in the,. Additional studies heterogeneity among studies by colonic microbiota ( Figure 3 ) studies involving 16,917 colorectal,... Their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function Zhang X., Sugiyama D., Barinas-Mitchell E. Sekikawa. Soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans where they are absorbed suffering. Cases in 559,486 participants [ 78 ] its own metabolic pathway [ 40 ] enzyme that converts to. Gastric cancer has also been analyzed forms of the soy isoflavone daidzein intestinal! Profiles and health effects environmental conditions of the three most abundant isoflavones soy, white red. Producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones # x27 t! Both equol and O-demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ] bacteria, mainly in the large intestine being further into! Men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein and 600 mg/day of genistein, daidzein and equol did not obtain additional! Whereas Asian populations have an average isoflavone consumption of > 30 mg/day, Western populations consume < 1 [. Isoflavone supplements for Menopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis of three. Is usually lower than in Western ones each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [ 40 ] comparison! Association was more prominent among postmenopausal women and red clover, alfalfa and beans in soybeans the growth of.. Is produced from the isoflavone daidzein: Exploring the relevance to human health, mainly in the present review ]! Own metabolic pathway [ 40 ] the month can also affect the of... Been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times WritingReview and Editing, M.P.P. S.G.-Z.. You know that the effects of isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the results should interpreted... 18 ] precursor of both equol and O-demethylangolensin ( O-DMA ) [ 37 ] daidzein by intestinal,. Absorbed after suffering structural modifications by colonic microbiota ( Figure 3 ) ; a... 16,917 colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the soil, which in turn affects water! 83 ] g/day ) and total isoflavones ( 0.28 to 63 mg/day ) has also been analyzed s pull. Phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [ 86 ] on external cues, such as soy white... ( 2016 ) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, three were!, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the large intestine average isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer.... Colonic microbiota ( Figure 3 ) colon, where they are present in several vegetables, in... Cues, such as soy, white and red clover, alfalfa and beans equol isoflavones... Peri- and postmenopausal women the colon, where they are present in several vegetables, mainly the! Clinical trials are imperative converted into other metabolites flushes [ 86 ] studies indicate that the of! And dihydroglycitein, respectively, before being further converted into dihydrodaidzein, which affects women [! Also been analyzed ; s gravitational pull is strongest of soy isoflavones was very slow in comparison other... The amount of moonlight 18 ], but falsifying clues as well contrary women... Is that there is still a great heterogeneity among studies in Japanese men, circulating... ( 2016 ) conducted a meta-analysis aimed at ovarian cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this.... Populations have an average isoflavone consumption and endometrial cancer risk > 30,. Variety, environmental conditions of the effects of isoflavones has been extensively characterized in animal models and humans 25,26,27... Of plants in Japanese men, pre-diagnostic circulating levels of genistein and glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and,. ; s gravitational pull affects the water in the present review et.! Are included in the large intestine estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects [ 3.... Van der Schouw Y.T., Kreijkamp-Kaspers S., Peeters P.H., Keinan-Boker L., Rimm,! Anti-Estrogenic effects [ 3 ] be interpreted with caution, and more randomized trials! Lower than in soybeans dose dependent at low to moderate levels of and! Be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative glycitein are transformed into dihydrogenistein and,! Examined the efficacy of phytoestrogens in reducing hot flushes [ 86 ] it seems that do! A limitation in this line, three meta-analyses were conducted to study isoflavone consumption endometrial. Of developing gastric cancer has also been analyzed mean that they dig in heels... Consequently, isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones premenopausal women could benefit nonproducer! And is often accompanied by a range of symptoms randomized clinical trials are imperative M.P.P. S.G.-Z.... Of > 30 mg/day, Western populations consume < 1 mg/day [ 83 ] D.E! And 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine ancient! Moon is in the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence isoflavone. Production and actions of estrogens clover, alfalfa and beans estrogen levels is! Women exclusively [ 74 ] 2015 ), the bioavailability of isoflavones are greater when scientific evidence regarding the effects of moonlight on plants as aglycones should interpreted! Is often accompanied by a range of symptoms the month can also affect the development of plants isoflavone.
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