is yougov biased
is yougov biased
Basic facts. Peter Kellner is a former president of YouGov, The split over Boris Johnsons future is just the start of a massive Tory identity crisis | Rafael Behr, Original reporting and incisive analysis, direct from the Guardian every morning, These decisions dont take place in ideal conditions; there is immense pressure to get it right., lection polling is a tough business. YouGov is a British international Internet-based market research and data analytics firm, headquartered in the UK, with operations in Europe, North America, the Middle East and Asia-Pacific. Polls of all other contests Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and every post-Super Tuesday state had a weighted average error of 7.1 points, which is quite good by historical standards for primary polls. Its two founders, Stephan Shakespeare and Nadhim Zahawi, certainly have close links with the Conservatives. But just two years ago, things looked very different. (Jabin Botsford/The Washington Post) Article A recent YouGov poll reached a disheartening finding: 45 percent of Republicans favor "permitting the courts to shut down news media outlets for. The margin of error is approximately 2.7%. Since then, the company has been producing industrialised polls popping up almost weekly in the media in The Times, Sky, CBS, The Economist, and The Guardian (via a partnership between YouGov and the University of Cambridge.). Year founded: 2000. We also calculate measures of statistical bias in the polls. Ambassador Nikki Haley (8%, down from 11%). Bias is calculated only for elections where the top two finishers were a Republican and a Democrat. Examples would include things along the lines of To what extent do you agree or disagree with the governments decision to introduce a new fast track system for refugee applications?, or Do you agree or disagree that the current voting system is unfair. Two things particular come from this table. The company polled people from seven major European nations to find out how they . Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. The error is measured based on the Conservative-Labour lead. Again, women have a less positive view on how they are portrayed. February 16, 2023 - 2:22 pm. Sir John Kevin Curtice FRSA FRSE FBA (born 10 December 1953) [1] is a British political scientist who is currently professor of politics at the University of Strathclyde [2] and senior research fellow at the National Centre for Social Research. On Twitter, he detailed how the team second-guessed their own polls showing a shrinking Tory lead and likely hung parliament before the 2017 election. However, it would be unfair to say that online is 'biased' in a way that offline is not. Running the experiment in this way, rather than running separate surveys at different times, minimises the risk of external factors e.g. The fact is, there are different biases for which all approaches have to account. Pollsters that are banned by FiveThirtyEight because we know or suspect that they faked data are excluded from all calculations. They had weighted average errors of 4.9 and 6.0, respectively, which is perfectly normal for these types of elections, although the sample size is still quite small. But they were not the only senior figures at the firm. Averages are weighted by the square root of the number of polls that a particular pollster conducted for that particular type of election in that particular cycle. On Tuesday afternoon, it closed 8,000 stores for anti-bias training. Finally, a neutral question seen by the last random third asked In your opinion, do you think the UK should withdraw from the European Convention on Human Rights, or stay in it?. These ratings cover this years presidential primaries, the 2019 gubernatorial elections and the occasional straggler poll we only just discovered from a past election. Its likely that Bidens age is a factor here. An even larger majority, 81%, say the US should take in Afghans who . Accuracy scores are adjusted for the type of election polled, the polls sample size, the performance of other polls surveying the same race and other factors. They'd be caught out fairly quickly. *Excluding New Hampshire primary polls taken before the Iowa caucuses, other states primary polls taken before the New Hampshire primary, and primary polls whose leader or runner-up dropped out before that primary was held. Now Trump (45%) narrowly edges out Biden (43%). The Mountain Village in the Path of Indias Electric Dreams. Statistical model by Nate Silver. Type: Polling firm. How this works: FiveThirtyEight's pollster ratings are calculated by analyzing the historical accuracy of each polling organization's polls along with its methodology. The front page of The Times last Thursday (1 June) led with Pollsters predict shock Tory crash, sending shockwaves through Westminster and the financial markets. YouGov/Yahoo News gave DeSantis a 3-point advantage in mid-January, and a 4-point advantage in early February. It ended with correctly predicting Theresa May's election fiasco, No One Knows If Decades-Old Nukes Would Actually Work, Fat, Sugar, Salt Youve Been Thinking About Food All Wrong, 25 of the Best Amazon Prime Series Right Now. But we dont blame pollsters too much for this: They have some good excuses because the 2020 Democratic primary race changed so quickly. YouGov: is it biased to the Conservatives? January 6, 2022 - 12:26 pm Claims about YouGov If there's an opinion poll published by YouGov with figures that do not look great for Labour or the left in general, it often triggers comments on social media about how YouGov shouldn't be trusted because its owners/founders are Conservatives. The result was 44.7%. Our measurement this time was centred on what percentage of the public believed the government should be doing more to help the people of Ukraine. We now know that was incorrect. 72% of employees would recommend working at YouGov to a friend and 63% have a positive outlook for the business. The pressure to avoid mistakes can force pollsters to second-guess themselves, just as YouGov did in 2017. The way we perceive others and how we attribute their actions hinges on a variety of variables, but it can be heavily influenced by whether we are the actor or the observer in a situation. One judgement update theyre having to make this election is around the likelihood of tactical voting. For more on how to judge both polling firms and individual polls, see my book Polling Unpacked: the history, uses and abuses of political opinion polls. We love to scrutinize former president Donald Trump's ketchup-doused steaks or the Obamas' penchant for culinary hot spots. Now, new YouGov analysis of survey experiments conducted in recent weeks highlights two of the main concerns in contemporary survey design and how they can affect our measurements of public opinion: A crude example of a leading question might be To what extent do you believe that this current corrupt Conservative government is doing a bad job?, or Do you think that this new policy proposal will make you poorer, because it will mean higher taxes?. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Second, that although YouGovs results on average are slightly more favourable to the Conservatives, that makes them slightly more accurate than the rest of the industry (-1.1 rather than -1.8). They bend reality to their beliefs. . These were not snapshots of changing opinion during the campaign but at the very end of them. Nathaniel Rakich is a senior elections analyst at FiveThirtyEight. Their forecast that a Yes vote was 2% ahead in the Scottish referendum, resulted in our politicians making expensive commitments that were needless as the Scots were never going to leave. document.getElementById( "ak_js_2" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); All comments and data you submit with them will be handled in line with the privacy and moderation policies. Again, weighting by the number of polls conducted by each pollster. But MRP turned out to be right. If it stuck with a three percentage point Tory lead, it would vindicate YouGovs consistent story in the final stages of the campaign. And yet people still snipe. The YouGov poll could be biased, but the overall ballot test is in line with the average of all polls so it seems more credible. In January 2014, YouGov entered the Asia Pacific region with the acquisition of Decision Fuel for an estimated consideration of approximately 5 million. Those bits of information peoples interests, age, and voting history are then used to try and predict how people may vote, on the grounds of shared features with other members of the electorate. Yes. None of the above can be . This site uses cookies, including to personalise ads. If you'd like to find out more about how polls work, how reliable they are and how to make sense of them, check out my book, Polling UnPacked . events in the news cycle interfering with the results, allowing for greater certainty that the factors we are testing are alone responsible for any differences we see in results. . 3 YouGov Goregaon Reviews by current and past employees about salary & benefits work culture skill development career growth job security work-life balance and more. Each respondent saw only one of the three possible questions. Active pollsters will need to participate in the American Association for Public Opinion Researchs Transparency Initiative or contribute to the Roper Center for Public Opinion Research archive to get credit in the NCPP/AAPOR/Roper column, which also determines which pollsters we consider gold standard.9 As always, if anyone has any questions about any aspect of the pollster ratings, you can always reach us at polls@fivethirtyeight.com. If theres an opinion poll published by YouGov with figures that do not look great for Labour or the left in general, it often triggers comments on social media about how YouGov shouldnt be trusted because its owners/founders are Conservatives. Blacks, in particular, say this, at 78%. YouGov has an overall rating of 3.9 out of 5, based on over 422 reviews left anonymously by employees. ', Greek transport minister resigns over train crash; 36 dead, Trump easily beats DeSantis in GOP primary: poll, Ron DeSantis: 14 things to know about Florida's governor, DeSantis releases new book and toys with presidential run, Poll finds Trump beating Biden but DeSantis, Haley losing. CNN . There are, of course, some areas where an online approach is inappropriate, and we would always alert our clients to this. The conclusions from these survey experiments are quite clear it is very much the case that poorly designed survey instruments can distort results and produce measurements of public opinion which are inaccurate at best and completely misleading at worst. According to Curtis, there were a few minor methodology changes for the final poll which increased the Tory lead. Using this wording, we found 22% agreeing with the suggestion that the government was not doing enough to help. The organization was founded in the United Kingdom and expanded to polling concerning U.S. politics 2007 with its acquisition of Polimetrix. YouGovs MRP is meant to counteract the fact that the people being polled are self-selected, by removing the likelihood that respondents are more politically-literate or skewed to one side of the political spectrum . But I dont like their Daily Chat, which I find far too binary and unnuanced. There are obvious signs of widespread bias that need to be addressed - and, it turns out, the British public think so, too. Representative samples are difficult to achieve, particularly across all 650 constituencies in the UK. Despite this, they profoundly impact way we interact with the world and tend to perpetuate much of the inequality that exists in our society. These decisions dont take place in ideal conditions; there is immense pressure to get it right. I have been told that the figures, using YouGovs normal methods of weighting the raw data to make sure the figures accurately reflected Britains electorate, showed the Conservatives three points ahead the same as in the much-mocked poll the previous week. YouGov denied that the poll was spiked for political reasons, instead arguing that the poll was based on a "skewed sample". Polls that are banned by FiveThirtyEight because we know or suspect they faked data are excluded from the analysis. The Yahoo News survey was conducted by YouGov using a nationally representative sample of 1,516 U.S. adults interviewed online from Feb. 23 to 27, 2023. Research by YouGov has gauged the perceptions of the British public of mainstream media outlets. The answers are complicatedand surprising. Pollings dirty little secret is that the online samples of the population used by pollsters to survey opinion often overlap amongst different pollsters. Carnyx Group Ltd 2022 | The Drum is a Registered Trademark and property of Carnyx Group Limited. Demographic weighting targets come from the 2019 American Community Survey. 2. The new UK scheme will now see shoppers being given a seven-day grace period, with a minimum of four reminders being sent before the first penalty fee is issued. .neutral question: -28 .leading question . All other candidates are polling in the single digits and show no significant change. See LIKE, STRAIGHT. The forecast in question is described by YouGov as a new model that guesses what a large poll would show based on Mulitilevel Regression and Post-stratification analysis which is jargon for profiling taking what one group of potential voters say and applying it to others. Polls that are banned by FiveThirtyEight because we know or suspect they faked data are excluded from the analysis. Instead, they would massively overinflate the extent to which people, or the public, actually hold those respective position by not presenting the options (or the debate) fairly. Personal Bias Although most Americans believe the justice system suffers from bias, 75% expect the police will treat them the same as anyone else for a traffic violation or minor offense. The M and R section of MRP looks at more than simply voting intention to discern what people want; the P then is the statistical methods, looking at how many people who adhere to those characteristics live in an area and therefore, how many people are likely to vote for a political party in any given constituency. The survey was done by YouGov, a research company that sought opinions . The Corbynites are tweeting a YouGov poll like there's no tomorrow, just last week YouGov were part of the MSM bias. 89%. Required fields are marked *, Sign up to get Lib Dem Newswire (privacy policy link below). None of the above can be . How confident are you that the responses are representative and not biased? In 2017, YouGov was especially nervous. In other words, Trump's low is well below Biden's current. Polling Unpacked: the history, uses and abuses of political opinion polls, take a look at Five Thirty Eights pollster ratings, Sam Collins selected for Hitchin and Harpenden, Lib Dems win seat from Labour in first by-election of 2022, Polling UnPacked: The History, Uses and Abuses of Political Opinion Polls, Bad News : What the Headlines Dont Tell Us, Lib Dem Prospective Parliamentary Candidates, What Lib Dems believe: 14 week email course. All the polls in our data set combine for a weighted average statistical bias of 0.3 points toward Democrats. YouGov reports a margin of sampling error for its surveys because, like all polls, the results are subject to random variability that is an inherent part of the sampling process. Getting a representative sample has been increasingly difficult due to peoples reluctance to answer questions on telephone polls, and one cant rely on voluntary panels to be representative, says David Spiegelhalter, a statistician at the University of Cambridge. Its good to be aware of the potential for polling error heading into the election, but that error could benefit either party. YouGov is a global provider of analysis and data generated by over 22 million registered panelists in more than 59 markets. In both the 2020 primaries and overall, polls showing a blowout (i.e., the leader led by 20 points or more) picked the correct winner almost all the time, but they were right only about half the time when they showed a lead smaller than 3 points. But over at the firm's website, the YouGov president, Peter Kellner, has issued a pre-emptive rebuttal of the claims, as put to him by the paper's deputy political editor, Robert Winnett. PHOTO ILLUSTRATION BY FIVETHIRTYEIGHT / GETTY IMAGES. YouGov is a professional and low-hassle survey site to use, and it won't take you much time - so long as you understand that the income will arrive as a dribble, not a flood. 2018 ABC News Internet Ventures. This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Heres the weighted average error of polls for each election cycle since 1998, broken down by office. But the results do hint at one difference in perception that may be hurting Biden and helping Trump in a hypothetical head-to-head matchup. She said the support she got from other teams was 'overwhelming. Behavior Research Center (Rocky Mountain Poll), University of Nevada, Las Vegas Lee Business School, University of Georgia School of Public and International Affairs, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Bluegrass Community and Technical College, University of Georgia Survey Research Center. U.S. House (10) Princeton Survey Research Associates International, Fairleigh Dickinson University (PublicMind). 36 YouGov Reviews by current and past employees about salary & benefits work culture skill development career growth job security work-life balance and more. For a full set of every British national voting intention poll from YouGov and how it compares with those from other pollsters, see PollBase. We have seen this before when YouGov forecast that Remain would comfortably win on the day of the Referendum which wrong-footed the media and financial markets. Trump has also picked up 8 points over the last three weeks, climbing from 37% to 45%, when pitted against a wider field of nine other potential GOP opponents. Welcome to my summary of the latest national voting intention poll from each pollster currently operating in Britain. It was very hard to be out there with a number that was so different from everybody elses, Shakespeare said back in 2017. Referring to it as a 'poll', as YouGov did seven times on TV, is misleading as it makes it comparable to the likes of ComRess latest poll which shows Conservatives on a 12% lead and a majority of 100. [14] The new business was rebranded YouGov Sport. There is a philosophical question involved too what one thinks Polls are for; are they a snapshot of what Voters say at any moment or a useful tool to predict their likely behaviour at The next Election ? Latest general election voting intention opinion polls. According to researchers in psychological and brain sciences, however, biases are often at least partly unconscious. But if there was a winner for the 2020 primaries, it was Monmouth University, whose average error of 7.5 points was the lowest among firms that released five or more primary polls. Wonder no more.). [8] Roger Parry has been YouGov's Chairman since 2007. If there is a systematic underreporting of Trump's numbers, . Despite this, the latest Economist/YouGov Poll shows that 46 percent of people who voted for President-elect Donald Trump believe in the theory, compared to 87 percent of Clinton voters who do not . We help the world's most recognised brands, media owners and agencies to plan, activate and track better marketing activities. The number of Americans who believe either politician would be a stronger candidate now than he was in 2020 is relatively small. [3], As of November 2020[update], major shareholders of the company included Liontrust Asset Management (14.23%); Standard Life Aberdeen (8.6%); Octopus Investments (7.78%); BlackRock (7.63%); and Stephan & Rosamund Shakespeare (6.85%). Wed encourage you not to read too much into a pollsters performance in the 2020 primaries, as it typically takes a larger sample size to ascertain a pollsters true accuracy. History [ edit] We have our MRP running now, and it keeps getting adjusted, says Shakespeare. Averages are weighted by the square root of the number of polls that a particular pollster conducted for that particular election date. Weighted average error of polls in the final 21 days before elections, among polls in FiveThirtyEights pollster ratings database. Informed that Joe Biden would be 82 at the start of his second term and 86 at the end of it, a full 65% of Americans say he is too old for another term as president. Informed of Trumps age 78 at the start of his second term and 82 at the end of it just 45% say the same about him. In 2007, they added Palo Alto, CA based US research firm Polimetrix for approximately $17 million, Scandinavian firm Zapera for $8 million and German firm Psychonomics for $20 million. .neutral question: -28 .leading question; wording biased . . Just 22 percent of Americans believe this year's presidential election will be "free and fair," according to a new Yahoo News/YouGov poll a disturbing loss of confidence in the democratic process that could foreshadow a catastrophic post-election period with millions of partisans refusing to accept the legitimacy of the results.. The country has discovered enough lithium to electrify every vehicle on its roads, but the massive deposit has tensions running high. But now the technique had returned a result so out-of-whack from other polling firms' forecast that Shakespeare felt that his fate, and that of the company he had built, hung by a thread. Has an overall rating of 3.9 out of 5, based is yougov biased over 422 reviews left anonymously employees... Fivethirtyeights pollster ratings database 11 % ) narrowly edges out Biden ( 43 % ) narrowly edges out (!, Sign up to get Lib Dem Newswire ( privacy policy link below ) is calculated for... Suspect they faked data are is yougov biased from all calculations words, Trump & # x27 ; s.! S current by office opinion during the campaign but at the firm Biden is yougov biased... Statistical bias in the Path of Indias Electric Dreams the Drum is a systematic underreporting of &!, Trump & # x27 ; s current YouGovs consistent story in the single and. Closed 8,000 stores for anti-bias training aware of the number of polls conducted by pollster. Relatively small, we found 22 % agreeing with the Conservatives good to aware... ] Roger Parry has been YouGov 's Chairman since 2007 support she got from other teams was 'overwhelming Trump. But just two years ago, things looked very different weighted average error of polls for each election cycle 1998. Areas where an online approach is inappropriate, and we would always alert our clients this. Polls that are banned by FiveThirtyEight because we know or suspect they faked data excluded. Mistakes can force pollsters to second-guess themselves, just as YouGov did in.., which I find far too binary and unnuanced for the business in. Mrp running now, and a Democrat Roger Parry has been YouGov 's Chairman since 2007 down 11..., Trump & # x27 ; s numbers, the election, but error! An overall rating of 3.9 out of 5, based on over 422 reviews left anonymously by employees head-to-head.. Polls for each election cycle since 1998, broken down by office and brain,... Empirical social science research polling, demographic research, media content analysis and generated. Of carnyx Group Ltd 2022 | the Drum is a senior elections analyst at FiveThirtyEight and its use... Just two years ago, things looked very different in Afghans who partners use cookies and similar to. Ltd 2022 | the Drum is a factor here estimated consideration of 5. Could benefit either party biases are often at least partly unconscious, rather than running separate at. Public of mainstream media outlets and a 4-point advantage in early February should... For the business binary and unnuanced cookies, including to personalise ads not the senior! Excluded from the analysis often overlap amongst different pollsters 8,000 stores for anti-bias training that... Trump ( 45 % ) weighting targets come from the 2019 American Community survey and property of carnyx Group 2022... By YouGov, a research company that sought opinions *, Sign up to get it right been! Poll which increased the Tory lead, it closed 8,000 stores for anti-bias.... Vehicle on its roads, but the massive deposit has tensions running high days elections! Yougov 's Chairman since 2007 a 3-point advantage in mid-January, and we would always alert clients! Similar technologies to provide you with a better experience [ 8 ] Roger Parry has been YouGov 's since! To my summary of the latest national voting intention poll from each pollster currently operating in.... 78 % running separate surveys at different times, minimises the risk of external factors e.g say the should! # x27 ; s numbers, clients to this enough to help update! The poll was based on a `` skewed sample '' out Biden ( %. And Nadhim Zahawi, certainly have close links with the acquisition of Decision Fuel for is yougov biased estimated consideration approximately... Kingdom and expanded to polling concerning U.S. politics 2007 with its acquisition of Polimetrix question... She got from other teams was 'overwhelming by YouGov, a research company that sought.. Perception that may be hurting Biden and helping Trump in a hypothetical head-to-head.... Is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged decisions dont take place in ideal ;. That sought opinions conducted for that particular election date to help Afghans who ; there is a Trademark! Pollster conducted for that particular election date tactical voting point Tory lead from all calculations out (... Brain sciences, however, biases are often at least partly unconscious the American... Difficult to achieve, particularly across all 650 constituencies in the polls in FiveThirtyEights pollster ratings.. 2022 | the Drum is a senior elections analyst at FiveThirtyEight calculate measures of bias! U.S. House ( 10 ) Princeton survey research Associates International, Fairleigh Dickinson (. Was rebranded YouGov Sport tactical voting much for this: they have some good excuses because 2020... Hint at one difference in perception that may be hurting Biden and helping Trump a... Science research elses, Shakespeare said back in 2017 come from the analysis they are portrayed entered the Pacific! Make this election is around the likelihood of tactical voting ( PublicMind ) even larger majority, 81 % say. During the campaign point Tory lead, it would vindicate YouGovs consistent story in the final stages the... Only senior figures at the very end of them calculate measures of statistical bias of 0.3 points toward.! With the Conservatives in particular, say the US should take in who... To account surveys at different times, minimises the risk of external factors e.g conducted each! Was in 2020 is relatively small say this, at 78 % marked *, Sign up get! Provider of analysis and data generated by over 22 million Registered panelists in more than 59 markets suggestion the! Weighted average statistical bias of 0.3 points toward Democrats did in 2017 said the support she got from other was. The company polled people from seven major European nations to find out how they out Biden ( %! Of Decision Fuel for an estimated consideration of approximately 5 million by YouGov, a research company sought... Of tactical voting times, minimises the risk of external factors e.g three possible.... Consistent story in the final stages of the British public of mainstream media outlets site uses cookies, including personalise! Number that was so different from everybody elses, Shakespeare said back in 2017 expanded to polling U.S.... And data generated by over 22 million Registered is yougov biased in more than 59.. Caught out fairly quickly on over 422 reviews left anonymously by employees Biden and helping Trump a! Yougov, a research company that sought opinions other words, Trump & x27! And brain sciences, however, biases are often at least partly unconscious in... Other teams was 'overwhelming an overall rating of 3.9 out of 5, on... Registered Trademark and property of carnyx Group Ltd 2022 | the Drum is a senior analyst... Particular, say the US should take in Afghans who Fairleigh Dickinson University ( PublicMind ) friend and %... Error is measured based on over 422 reviews left anonymously by employees Group Ltd 2022 | the Drum is global... We would always alert our clients to this founded in the Path Indias! And its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience News DeSantis... Head-To-Head matchup these were not the only senior figures at the very end of them systematic underreporting Trump. Enough lithium to electrify every vehicle on its roads, but that error could benefit either party yougov/yahoo News DeSantis..., among polls in the Path of Indias Electric Dreams is calculated only for elections where the two... The Asia Pacific region with the suggestion that the poll was based on a skewed... International, Fairleigh Dickinson University ( PublicMind ) Decision Fuel for an consideration. Just two years ago, things looked very different other candidates are polling in the in. Its two founders, Stephan Shakespeare and Nadhim Zahawi, certainly have close is yougov biased with the.! Yougov 's Chairman since 2007 you that the responses are representative and biased! 4-Point advantage in mid-January, and it keeps getting adjusted, says Shakespeare a friend and %. Was founded in the final stages of the campaign but at the firm with the.. Because we know or suspect they faked data are excluded from all calculations a outlook... Banned by FiveThirtyEight because we know or suspect that they faked data are excluded from the.! Of mainstream media outlets that Bidens age is a systematic underreporting of Trump & # x27 ; s.. Have close links with the suggestion that the poll was spiked for political reasons, instead arguing that poll... How confident are you that the poll was based on over 422 reviews left anonymously by employees that they data! Nikki Haley ( 8 %, say this, at 78 % polling, demographic research, media analysis! Tensions running high targets come from the analysis average statistical bias in the single digits and no! Of them things looked very different where an online approach is inappropriate, and it keeps getting,! Elections where the top two finishers were a Republican and a 4-point advantage in early.. Yougovs consistent story in the final 21 days before elections, among polls in FiveThirtyEights pollster ratings database been 's! This: they have some good excuses because the 2020 Democratic primary race changed so quickly to... Wording, we found 22 % agreeing with the acquisition of Decision Fuel an! Bias of 0.3 points toward Democrats is inappropriate, and it keeps adjusted... Pressure to avoid mistakes can force pollsters to second-guess themselves, just as YouGov did in.... My summary of the number of Americans who believe either politician would be a stronger now... Since 2007 purposes and should be left unchanged different biases for which all approaches have to account sample.
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