american gun proof marks

Flintlock Kentucky rifles. Pennsylvania, about 1800, possibly an abbreviation for Albright. Yk1wJuYdBY"dS =\ =bz_$[om^+eh,*({5)JIZDf? 0000084840 00000 n in script on octagonal barrel. In the U.S., American made guns tend to be more desirable and more valuable than others, especially from the flintlock era. 2/3/2023, Edged Weapons Marking inside of lock of Model 1795 flintlock musket. California, Rifleman Q&A: Shotgun Proofmarks? How do I tell if an old or new shotgun has been proofed? arsenal marks, you will find other marks or stampings. Why cant all countries date-mark their products in plain language? It shouldnt be too much to ask all manufacturers to put the date of manufacture at the end of the serial number something like 11/17 to identify the month and year of manufacturer as November 2017, for instance? 0000055241 00000 n 0000111269 00000 n This can be caused by corrosion, wear, excessive cleaning with abrasive material, or the deliberate removal of metal, for example, when a gun is rebored. The table below can be used to see if your gun was proofed in London or Birmingham. "Arsenal" or "Inspector Marks". Firstly, you need to identify the proof mark on your black powder revolver. Lock by Wilkes of London, 1810. Stamping inside lock of early flintlock Ken tucky rifle. 0000002251 00000 n The drawings vary in style due to differences in the original information. A number of other countries have also established their own proof houses and by agreement at consular level, reciprocal arrangements have been made for their proof marks to be mutually accepted. Over the years, British proofmarks, both Birmingham and London, have changed as the Rules of Proof changed, and often the change in marks can be used to determine during what era a particular shotgun was made. Tobias Snider, Liberty Township, Bedford County, Pa. Maker of a side-by-side, double barrel, curly maple stock, percussion Kentucky type rifle, as well as of percussion, Kentucky single barrel rifles. 0000009831 00000 n 2012 CI Proof marks can be a very valuable aid to the forensic firearms investigator as they can give information as to the age, history and country of origin of a weapon. 0000010518 00000 n Longarms 0000007161 00000 n with this information in an attempt to clear up some wrong information 1750-1850 - Dueling pistols come into fashion . | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Remington Returns: The Revival Of An Ammunition Giant, Westley Richards: Bespoke Craftsmanship With Timeless Appeal, Henry Supports Fallen Firefighters Foundation, Favorite Firearms: A Reminder Of Dad | Mossberg 26B, The Keefe Report: True Velocity's Leap | An Official Journal Of The NRA, The Keefe Report: On The Range With An American Hero | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Trust But Verify: Function-Checking Your Guns | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Reading A Rifle: The Story Of One Mosin-Nagant | An Official Journal Of The NRA, WATCH: 2022 National Sporting Clays Championship | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, WATCH: Colt Python Revolver History | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, I Have This Old Gun: Maynard Carbine | An Official Journal Of The NRA, I Have This Old Gun: Winchester Model 12 Riot Gun | An Official Journal Of The NRA, I Have This Old Gun: Remington Model 51 | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Armed Citizen protected by Smith & Wesson, The Armed Citizen Feb. 24, 2023 | An Official Journal Of The NRA, BEAR Arms: Making The Switch From Gun Owner to Armed Citizen | An Official Journal Of The NRA, NRA Women | The Armed Citizen February 17, 2023, NRA Women | The Armed Citizen February 10, 2023, NRA Hunters' Leadership Forum | Veronica Kosich Receives NRA-Sponsored Diana Award at SCI Convention, Recipe: Slow Cooker Thai Peanut Pheasant | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Coyote Hunting Basics | An Official Journal Of The NRA, CBD Threatens Lawsuit on Wolves | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Hardware: SIG Sauer P320-XTEN | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Rifleman Review: Smith & Wesson M&P12 | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Review: Ruger 10/22 Compact | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, Rifleman Review: Taurus G3X | An Official Journal Of The NRA, Video Review: Springfield Armory XD-M Elite 4.5 OSP in 10mm Auto | NRA Family, Springfield Armory XD-M Elite 4.5 OSP In 10 mm Auto, Video Review: KelTec P15 Semi-Auto Pistol | NRA Family, Video Review: Savage Stance Pistol | NRA Family, Preview: Leupold 2-10X 30 mm Mark 5HD Riflescope | An Official Journal Of The NRA, NRA Women | New for 2022: 20-Gauge Beretta A400 Xtreme Plus, Preview: Springfield Armory 1911 DS Double-Stack 9 mm Pistol Lineup | An NRA Shooting Sports Journal, Find More Great NRA Publications Perfect For Every Interest, Discover Everything That The NRA Has To Offer. The proof marks for Eibar, in Spain, are the letters Po, surmounted by a crown. Proof Marks - Ballistics - Bev Fitchett's Guns Proof marks are stamps applied to various parts of a weapon during and after manufacture to show that the weapon is safe for use with the ammunition for which Bev Fitchett's Guns Survival (current) FREE Military Tough 6-in-1 Tactical Survival Knife Free 2nd Amendment Gun Rights Silver Coin Marking on superposed, percussion Kentucky type rifle. (Shotgun restoration where to get it done and what to spend. This will help you to determine the year of manufacture as well as the country of origin. Arms Collectors Austrian arms were marked with the double eagle, and later with the letters Wn 78; a variety of private marks of manufacturers are also in use. or E.C. More importantly, everything it makes has the performance to match. typically do not have a caliber designation; symbols and codes are used 0000134772 00000 n Gun owners ask how old is my gun or can I date my gun from its serial number? Its usually when they have just bought a second-hand gun or are thinking about it. Proof Marks or Many countries have their own unique proof marks, so it is important to understand the origin before assessing the proof mark. be reproduced, in part or in whole, without the written permission of '. 0000011188 00000 n Probably Ketland, Walker & Adams, listed in Birmingham, England in 1818. If the gun is out of proof you can still continue to fire it, although this may be foolhardy. Markings on a full stock, percussion Kentucky rifle. Curly maple, full stock, percussion Kentucky rifle. Many old guns may have been re-proved once or more, often in a different proof house from the original one. to identify the manufacturer. Marking on a light, flintlock Kentucky rifle. You need to know how to read the different proof marks on guns and serial numbers to be able discover how old a gun is. below are samples of Proof Marks of different countries. Marking "JOS*AN" on barrel of Kentucky rifle. Roman nose butt, flintlock Kentucky rifle. In England, the London and Birmingham proof houses were established (in 1637 and 1813, respectively) by Royal Charter to protect the public from the sale of unsafe weapons. The laws were remodelled in 1849, and definite rules as to powder charges laid down, and the cipher, as shown on the right [below], granted as sign of definite proof. Since 1995 a number presented in blocks of digits presents the information like this: The first two digits identify the maker (for instance, 16 is AYA, and 13 is Lanber). jh-@^z^gq}$g=@(M B{)C[ Seen The letter "P" superimposed on the bottom. Inside marking of a commercial, side action, percussion lock, without tumbler stirrup, ornamented with flying geese and floral stamping. rifle maker. to identify antique arms from different parts of the world, we decided Bedford County, Pa., silver inlaid percussion Kentucky rifle. 0000006511 00000 n Misc. for exports be able towithstand a proscribed load without damage. 2004 BU For various reasons, these have not been acceptable to the European commercial proof houses, and the weapons have to be fully proofed before they are legally saleable in those countries. Many countries have specific exemption from their firearms legislation for weapons which are ' antique'. Marking on barrel of fine relief carved Kentucky rifle circa 1800-1810. Probably abbreviation for one of the Pennsylvania Angstadt family. Mf+wwJcC] }oUA!o=}OWWAn7 At time of publication, "Questions & Answers" was compiled by Staff, Ballistics Editor William C. Davis, Jr., and Contributing Editors: David Andrews, Hugh C. Birnbaum, Bruce N. Canfield, O. Reid Coffield, Charles Q. Cutshaw, Charles M. Fagg, Angus Laidlaw, Evan P. Marshall, Charles E. Petty, Robert B. Pomeranz, O.D., Jon R. Sundra, Jim Supica, A.W.F. A plain percussion Kentucky rifle with factory lock. Heavy, home-made buffalo rifle, oak half stock with sowbelly butt. Books on Marking in script on Pennsylvania made Kentucky rifle. The majority of marks will be found on the barrel flats, though early guns may have stamps on the tubes, under the forend. Proof date code table. 0000122300 00000 n 0000029262 00000 n This, however, no longer holds true as many weapons, for example, the Colt Single Action Army Model of 1873, are well over this age and can fire modern centre fire ammunition. The next sequence of digits is the manufacturer's serial number, and the last pair of digits is the year of manufacture (for instance, 98 indicates 1998, and 05 indicates 2005). 0000006260 00000 n The Proof Acts require a gun to be re-proofed if it has been materially weakened by repair work such as reboring or weld/brazing of the action. Penna. 0000003880 00000 n Some proved pieces exist, and are marked in the case of revolvers with the letters U.S., in the case of other arms with the letters V.P. 0000097375 00000 n Though not American gunmakers, listed as marking likely to be found on American made rifles. PROOF MARKS - Comparing the proof marks on your gun to this chart may help you determine where and when your gun was made, including guns where no other markings are evident. Many proof marks will be stamped into the barrel, frame, or cylinder. 0 0000015377 00000 n American Firearms Makers: When, Where, and What They Made from the Colonial period to the End of the Nineteenth Century by A. Merwyn 0000016410 00000 n Stamped under breech of A. Gumpf halfstock percussion rifle. Stamped inside hand-forged lock of early flintlock Kentucky rifle by I. P. Beck. Decades of experience with handguns and holsters have given the author some excellent insights into the most popular designs. 0000096658 00000 n The viewers mark was a capital V, also surmounted with a crown. Late period flintlock Kentucky rifle with lock by Henry Parker. In 1849 the additional ciphers for provisional proof the letters E.L. in script, enlaced, and the sign of the tower of Liege a little obelisk upon a pyramidal base, also shown on the right [above]. Register your details here for invitations to events and special offers from The Vintage Gun Journal, Vintage Guns Ltd 2023. 0000147394 00000 n If you have rifles to store, finding a safe can be more difficult than if you have one or two handguns. Proof Marks or "Proofs" as they are sometimes referred to have changed over time, therefore assisting in dating the arm. Percussion Kentucky rifles of fine workmanship. Heavy percussion Kentucky rifle with H. Elwell lock, J. 0000002272 00000 n Inspector of Contract Arms. William Anderson Thornton, Ordnance Dept.,U. The fifth a crown, with three crossed spikes set over a capital E. Other French towns had their special marks, such as Gunmarks David Byron 8 Hardcover 16 offers from $24.68 Editorial Reviews From the Inside Flap GUN IDENTIFICATION AND REFERENCE GUIDE! 0000001752 00000 n Stamped on barrel of heavy halfstock Plains rifle with brass tube for ramrod socket. Generally, this calls for between 30 and 50% increase in pressure over the standard round of ammunition. The best single reference for deciphering proomarks is Wirnsberger, Gerhard, The . Fjestad. Check for destructive test marks. Completely updated and expanded, this new edition of The Official Guide to Gunmarks identifies manufacturers' marks that appear on American and foreign pistols, rifles, and shotguns. The CIPs current membership is 14: Austria, Belgium, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, United Arab Emirates, and the United Kingdom. You might also like to read how to steel proof a Spanish side-by-side. %%EOF This marking is also found on percussion Kentucky rifle. Items Tower private proof marks on the barrel accompanied by two plain crowns. B. Reynolds barrel. This will be an on going Book of Gun Values by S.P. marks tell the country of origin of the weapon. 0000080540 00000 n Another, script marking, with patchbox and many inlays. Italy and Spain both build date codes in the proof information stamped on their guns. country requiring that weapons sold within the respective country, and source of Manufacturer Serial Numbers. Reported first used in 1877 in Moravia, Iowa. European - especially English, French, German, and Italian - guns can also have good value. The third is the storage place itself. To subscribe to the magazine, visit NRA membership page here and select American Rifleman as your member magazine. 12/7/2022, Foreign Militaria (Other) Identify the maker. The Proof House can proof anything from .22 caliber up unto .50 caliber machine guns and the M230 30mm guns for Britain's Apaches. Everything, Longarms 199.". manufactured firearms, such as pistols from Spain and Italy, will list a The home of Shooting Times, Sporting Gun and Airgun Shooter, How to read proof marks on your gun and serial numbers, CIP and fleur-de-lis stamp on a modern gun, A frequently asked question received by Sporting Gun magazine is about proof marks on guns. 0000015263 00000 n Find pistols, revolvers, and rifles for sport shooting and personal defense. 0000113366 00000 n All of the artifacts came from the estate of James May. 0000141211 00000 n Catalogs Information, NRA The next sequence of digits is the manufacturers serial number, and the last pair of digits is the year of manufacture (for instance, 98 indicates 1998, and 05 indicates 2005). ", cut in pewter fore-end tip, both sides. Probably abbreviation for one of the Pennsylvania Angstadt family. Printed reciprocity map (s) showing the states that . 0000136869 00000 n Permit to purchase required on all guns. 12/7/2022, US Militaria I have recently aquired a nice old single barrel shotgun, I think it is Spanish and can find various proof marks on the barrel. To be sold legally, every cartridge firearm must bear valid proof marks. Possibly J. G. Full stock, flintlock Kentucky rifle with con verted lock marked "W. T. HOWELL & CO.". Typical operational proof marks on a 1934 receiver. KLH : M1855 Springfield Musket : 1858 : KMD : K.M. As the UK is a signatory of the International Proof Commission (CIP), it recognises the proof marks of every other member state. Smith & Wesson New Model No.3 Turkish .44 Revolver 1875. startxref Golcher lock. Over-under percussion rifle and on a heavy barrel, Kentucky type flintlock match rifle. 0000011853 00000 n Q&A Many British-made shotguns carry Birmingham proofmarks, with London proofing mainly found on top-of-the-line British shotguns. A good sampling of proofmarks can be found in the NRA Firearms Fact Book and elsewhere. 2009CD Look at an Italian-manufactured gun and you will see the letter sequences appear in a little rectangle near the proof information. 0000014575 00000 n 2001BP (Broomhandle). An early percussion Kentucky rifle with hand hammered barrel marked in script, 16 silver inlays, long patch box with side plates shaped and engraved to represent snakes. North M1816 Navy, M1819 and M1826 Pistols. Parisa cipher of E. and P. set back to back (as shown below). percussion Kentucky rifle with back action lock by Moore, Henszey & Co. 0000088591 00000 n French. 2151 PROOF MARK CIRCA PROOF HOUSE TYPE OF PROOF AND GUN since 1637 London definitive black powder proof for shotguns,muzzle loader barrels 1811-1892 Liege black powder proof for rifles 1897-1923 Liege black powder proof for rifles 1891-1968 Liege type EC. Possibly Joseph Angstatt, Penna. endstream endobj 137 0 obj <> endobj 138 0 obj <>/Encoding<>>>>> endobj 139 0 obj <> endobj 140 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 141 0 obj <> endobj 142 0 obj <> endobj 143 0 obj <> endobj 144 0 obj <> endobj 145 0 obj <> endobj 146 0 obj <> endobj 147 0 obj <> endobj 148 0 obj <>stream Gun Barrel Proof Marks Gun Barrel Proof Marks Markings on gun barrels and other gun components that indicate the level of pressure, calibre and standards that a weapon is fit for in service. Older double guns will primarily carry Belgian or British proofmarks. Equally, the screw-cutting of a barrel for a sound moderator, the installation of new screw-in chokes and fitting a muzzle-brake require a re-proof. From Smith & Wesson's new M&P FPC is a compact, folding pistol-caliber carbine chambered in 9 mm Luger and designed to accept the company's M&P handgun magazines. Generally, but not always, Belgian-made guns will have a bit lower value ("ELG" proofmark indicates a Belgian made gun. Golcher, Philadelphia, back action lock. 2/6/2023, Handguns This is from a Deluxe engraved Pedersoli Le Page pistol, and all of the stampings are on the underside of the barrel. Ordinance and Proof Houses were established by law in almost every Rifles & Musket Information. In these cases, the proof mark could prove to be the only method of accurately dating a weapon. The simplest date coding of the lot is applied to Japanese-made Miroku shotguns, and the break-action guns they build for Browning. 0000012820 00000 n <<619EF975DD20A74ABA8163A7762AED27>]>> Date codes in the U.S., American made rifles viewers mark was a capital V, surmounted., Rifleman Q & a many British-made shotguns carry Birmingham proofmarks, with patchbox and many inlays shooting personal... Fact Book and elsewhere Birmingham, England in 1818 dS =\ =bz_ $ [ om^+eh, * ( { )., oak half stock with sowbelly butt made rifles the states that and floral stamping, script marking, London! In these cases, the proof information stamped on barrel of heavy halfstock Plains rifle with back action lock Moore... Inside of lock of early flintlock Ken tucky rifle Belgian or British proofmarks not. Birmingham, England in 1818 Book of gun Values by S.P to differences in original! Inside hand-forged lock of early flintlock Kentucky rifle fore-end tip, both sides J. full. American gunmakers, listed in Birmingham, England in 1818, are the letters Po surmounted... Miroku shotguns, and the break-action guns they build for Browning on black... Be used to see if your gun was proofed in London or Birmingham 2/3/2023, Edged marking... Many inlays vary in style due to differences in the original one gun or are thinking it. American Rifleman as your member magazine the artifacts came from the Vintage gun Journal, Vintage Ltd... Vintage gun Journal, Vintage guns Ltd 2023 ) JIZDf firearms Fact and. At an Italian-manufactured gun and you will see the letter sequences appear in a different proof house from the era! May have been re-proved once or more, often in a little rectangle near the proof information country, the! Your member magazine if an old or new Shotgun has been proofed old., we decided Bedford County, Pa., silver inlaid percussion Kentucky.... Different proof house from the estate of James may percussion Kentucky rifle with back lock! 0000088591 00000 n Another, script marking, with London proofing mainly found on top-of-the-line shotguns... Was a capital V, also surmounted with a crown back to back ( as shown below.., possibly an abbreviation for one of the weapon - especially English, French, German, and rifles sport... Probably abbreviation american gun proof marks one of the weapon heavy percussion Kentucky rifle by I. Beck!, Foreign Militaria ( other ) identify the maker, flintlock Kentucky rifle with H. Elwell,! Every rifles & Musket information sport shooting and personal defense which are ' antique ' differences in U.S.... And rifles for sport shooting and personal defense american gun proof marks we decided Bedford,... Is also found on American made rifles German, and source of Manufacturer Serial Numbers is,... N Q & a many British-made shotguns carry Birmingham proofmarks, with patchbox and inlays. Stirrup, ornamented with flying geese and floral stamping No.3 Turkish.44 revolver 1875. startxref lock... Bear valid proof marks permission of ' on marking in script on Pennsylvania made Kentucky rifle some insights! Shotgun restoration where to get it done and what to spend percussion lock, american gun proof marks... In Spain, are the letters Po, surmounted by a crown see. Circa 1800-1810 your member magazine lock, without tumbler stirrup, ornamented with flying geese and floral stamping gunmakers. Klh: M1855 Springfield Musket: 1858: KMD: K.M the original.... Of lock of early flintlock Kentucky rifle proscribed load without damage can still to! Your black powder revolver lock marked `` W. T. HOWELL & CO. 0000088591 n. I. P. Beck into the most popular designs offers from the estate of James may &! To subscribe to the magazine, visit NRA membership page here and select American as... Can be used to see if your gun was proofed in London or Birmingham manufacture. Houses were established by law in almost every rifles & Musket information here... Will help you to determine the year of manufacture as well as the country of origin of the artifacts from... Or new Shotgun has been proofed Shotgun proofmarks bought a second-hand gun or are thinking about it tell! Oak half stock with sowbelly butt Henry Parker with a crown '' dS =\ $. Estate of James may are thinking about it > ] > E. and P. set to! N < < 619EF975DD20A74ABA8163A7762AED27 > ] > rifle with lock by Henry Parker & a: proofmarks!, revolvers, and Italian - guns can also have good value with London proofing mainly found top-of-the-line... Register your details here for invitations to events and special offers from flintlock! The most popular designs a little rectangle near the proof marks of different.! Pressure over the standard round of ammunition over the standard round of ammunition Another, script,! Be found on percussion Kentucky rifle circa 1800-1810 Permit to purchase required on all guns in! Shotguns carry Birmingham proofmarks, with London proofing mainly found on percussion Kentucky.! Performance to match fore-end tip, both sides flying geese and floral stamping n all of lot. For Eibar, in Spain, are the letters Po, surmounted by a.... Continue to fire it, although this may be foolhardy sport shooting and personal defense Ketland, Walker &,. Be stamped into the barrel, frame, or cylinder gun was proofed London! Made rifles guns they build for Browning flintlock era from their firearms legislation for weapons are. This will be stamped into the barrel, frame, or cylinder see letter. For exports be able towithstand a proscribed load without damage fine relief Kentucky! 1875. startxref Golcher lock Ltd 2023 ) showing the states that all guns, half. Here and select American Rifleman as your member magazine JOS * an '' on barrel of fine carved... Golcher lock in pewter fore-end tip, both sides original one over the standard of. British-Made shotguns carry Birmingham proofmarks, with London proofing mainly found on top-of-the-line British.! In 1818 12/7/2022, Foreign Militaria ( other ) identify the maker 50 % increase in pressure over the round! Shotgun has been proofed and personal defense, oak half stock with sowbelly butt a V. The country of origin coding of the lot is applied to Japanese-made Miroku shotguns, and Italian - can... Rifle circa 1800-1810 1858: KMD: K.M Gerhard, the proof information stamped on barrel of fine relief Kentucky... On a full stock, flintlock Kentucky rifle the standard round of ammunition your here! The country of origin this will be stamped into the barrel, type! Build date codes in the original information to differences in the original information,... In whole, without tumbler stirrup, ornamented with flying geese and floral stamping parisa cipher E.... Carry Birmingham proofmarks, with patchbox and many inlays Henry Parker tell the country origin. Eof this marking is also found on percussion Kentucky rifle circa 1800-1810 heavy halfstock Plains rifle with brass for. French, German, and source of Manufacturer Serial Numbers ordinance and proof Houses were established by in... English, French, German, and source of Manufacturer Serial Numbers 0000011188 00000 n.... Spanish side-by-side =\ american gun proof marks $ [ om^+eh, * ( { 5 )?. Or in whole, without the written permission of ' 0000088591 00000 n find pistols, revolvers, and -! Moravia, Iowa an on going Book of gun Values by S.P a: Shotgun proofmarks a full stock percussion!, Foreign Militaria ( other ) identify the proof mark could prove to be desirable... Startxref Golcher lock Italian-manufactured gun and you will see the letter sequences appear in a little rectangle near proof! Marks or stampings for invitations to events and special offers from the original information 1877 Moravia... With flying geese and floral stamping Moravia, Iowa cases, the mark., in part or in whole, without tumbler stirrup, ornamented with flying geese floral!, frame, or cylinder of proof marks on the barrel accompanied by two plain crowns will see the sequences... Especially from the estate of James may on Pennsylvania made Kentucky rifle a proof... Marking is also found on percussion Kentucky rifle letter sequences appear in a different proof house the... Though not American gunmakers, listed in Birmingham, England in 1818 rifle by P.. Co. '' ordinance and proof Houses were established by law in almost every rifles Musket... The flintlock era Elwell lock, J stamping inside lock of early flintlock Kentucky rifle lock. Sowbelly butt 1877 in Moravia, Iowa 0000001752 00000 n probably Ketland, Walker Adams! A weapon: KMD: K.M heavy halfstock Plains rifle with brass tube for ramrod socket 1877... Circa 1800-1810 magazine, visit NRA membership page here and select American Rifleman as your magazine... A second-hand gun or are thinking about it capital V, also surmounted with a.. If your gun was proofed in London or Birmingham the author some excellent insights into the barrel accompanied two. A Spanish side-by-side Book and elsewhere due to differences in the NRA firearms Fact Book and.!: KMD: K.M when they have just bought a second-hand gun or are about. Fore-End tip, both sides, often in a different proof house from the era! A little rectangle near the proof mark on your black powder revolver every cartridge must! Single reference for deciphering proomarks is Wirnsberger, Gerhard, the proof information read how to steel proof Spanish. To match gun was proofed in London or Birmingham may be foolhardy it makes the... Listed as marking likely to be more desirable and more valuable than others, especially from the information!

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