hogon within the dogon culture

The Dogon are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice, onions, beans, tobacco, and sorrel. "[49], Griaule's daughter Genevive Calame-Griaule responded in a later issue, arguing that Van Beek did not go "through the appropriate steps for acquiring knowledge" and suggesting that van Beek's Dogon informants may have thought that he had been "sent by the political and administrative authorities to test the Dogon's Muslim orthodoxy". Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. [8][9][10], Over time, the Dogon moved north along the escarpment, arriving in the Sanga region in the 15th century. For instance, in one of their most important rituals, the women praise the men, the men thank the women, the young express appreciation for the old, and the old recognize the contributions of the young. They chose to migrate to the area, refusing to convert to Islam, and they still remain fiercely protective of their culture. Current Anthropology, Vol. In addition to the priests and religious functionaries of the various cults, there are seers or visionaries (kumogu ) and diviners. Dieterlen, G., 1955. The Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a monument in Turkestan, a city in southern Kazakhstan. The first wife, or ya biru, holds a higher position in the family relative to any wives from later marriages. A younger brother is first in line to inherit all collective property, followed by the eldest son. [45], Griaule and Dieterlen were puzzled by this Sudanese star system, and prefaced their analysis with the disclaimer, "The problem of knowing how, with no instruments at their disposal, men could know the movements and certain characteristics of virtually invisible stars has not been settled, nor even posed. Boys are circumcised in age groups of three years, counting for example all boys between 9 and 12 years old. ); Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York City). This group tends to be localized and constitutes the basic economic unit. "[52] In his book Sirius Matters, Noah Brosch postulates that the Dogon may have had contact with astronomers based in Dogon territory during a five-week expedition, led by Henri-Alexandre Deslandres, to study the solar eclipse of 16 April 1893. Among the Dogon, several oral traditions have been recorded as to their origin. 16-19th century. The "Sigi so" was used to tell the story of creation of the universe, of human life, and the advent of death on the Earth, during both funeral ceremonies and the rites of the "end of mourning" ("dama"). [5], The hogon may conduct rituals in the Sanctuaire de Binou, a special building the door of which is blocked with rocks. Influence from Tellem art is evident in Dogon art because of its rectilinear designs (Laude, 24). Davis, Shawn R. Dogon Funerals in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. Also effective as means of inducing conformity are ridicule and threats of supernatural sanction. The key spiritual figures in the religion were the Nummo/Nommo twins. WebThe Dogon religion is the traditional African beliefs of the Dogon of Mali. As Greek mythology goes, the universe was once a big soup of nothingness. According to Shawn R. Davis, this particular ritual incorporates the elements of the yingim and the danyim. Industrial Arts. After completion of the dama, the soul departs from the world of the living and goes to the great god Amma. After initiation, he wears a red cap, and a pearl bracelet. They farm, as well as hunt occasionally, and many Dogon continue to practice an indigenous polytheistic African religion. Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon, Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography, The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali, The Dance of Masks of the Dogon People, The Dogon People of Bandiagara, Mali: the Dogon Fish Festival, African worlds: studies in the cosmological ideas and social values of African peoples, Dogon images from the Smithsonian National Museum of African Art, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dogon_people&oldid=1139711208, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from December 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bedaux, R. & J.D. van der Waals (eds.) Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. They have been linked to the Mande subfamily but also to Gur. In Dogon Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. In his dress and behaviour the hogon symbolizes the Dogon myth of creation, to which the Dogon relate much of their social organization and culture. The Dogon people with whom French anthropologists Griaule and Germaine Dieterlen worked during the 1930s and 1940s had a system of signs which ran into the thousands, including "their own systems of astronomy and calendrical measurements, methods of calculation and extensive anatomical and physiological knowledge, as well as a systematic pharmacopoeia". The newly circumcised youths, now considered young men, walk around naked for a month after the procedure so that their achievement in age can be admired by the tribe. European contact was first made in 1857. The Cliff of Bandiagara, a beautiful and unique escarpment, is home to the Dogon people and culture, and because of its worldwide importance, was recognized as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1989. The economy of the Sangha region has doubled since then, and its onions are sold as far as the market of Bamako and those of the Ivory Coast. [20] The religion embraced many aspects of nature which are found in other traditional African religions. (2008). This leads linguists to conclude that Dogon is likely to have diverged from NigerCongo very early.[when?] [25] There has been extensive speculation about the origin of such astronomical knowledge. Were theonlyPop Archaeology site combining scientific research with out-of-the-box perspectives. [47][48] In a 1991 article in Current Anthropology, anthropologist Wouter van Beek concluded after his research among the Dogon that, "Though they do speak about Sigu Tolo [which is what Griaule claimed the Dogon called Sirius] they disagree completely with each other as to which star is meant; for some it is an invisible star that should rise to announce the sigu [festival], for another it is Venus that, through a different position, appears as Sigu Tolo. The term "Punjabi" signifies both an inhabitant of the Punjab and a speaker of the predominant Language, Wolof Other specialists are the healers or herbalists (dyodyonune ), who treat the sick, and sorcerers (dyonune ), who cast spells. However, even in polygynous marriages, it is rare for a man to have more than two wives. In addition to the biological mother who cares for the infant during the nursing period, the second wife, the father's mother and other women of the grandmother's generation, sisters of the father, friends of the wife, and older sisters of the child all serve as caretakers. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Very much like the lyrics of the famous Elizabeth "Jane" Shore was a fiery and charismatic Englishwoman who made a name for herself as one of the many sultry mistresses of the handsome and powerful English king, Edward IV. [54] James Oberg, however, citing these suspicions notes their completely speculative nature, writing that, "The obviously advanced astronomical knowledge must have come from somewhere, but is it an ancient bequest or a modern graft? Photographs of masked dancers, first taken in 1907, as well as examples of native art work, soon made their way into Europe and the United States, catching the interest and curiosity of the Western world. [14], For almost 1000 years,[15] the Dogon people, an ancient ethnic group of Mali[16] had faced religious and ethnic persecutionthrough jihads by dominant Muslim communities. A hogon is a spiritual leader in a Dogon village who plays an important role in Dogon religion. In the shadowy world of ancient warfare, one weapon stood out as a true marvel: Greek fire. Afterwards, the boys stay for a few days in a hut separated from the rest of the village people, until the wounds have healed. The escarpment is rich in archaeological discoveries both from the Dogon and the earlier Tellem society. Biographies - Hogon | African Religious Leader | Britannica ETHNONYMS: 'kKxou and related words; Mizo (same as Lushai), Zo, Zomi. The Dogon attribute illness to a variety of causes, such as the weakening of the vital life force (nyama), the creation of a state of impurity in the individual through the influences of evil spirits, violation of a taboo or prohibition, and sorcery. Socialization. Interest in other seemingly falsifiable claims, namely concerning a red dwarf star orbiting around Sirius (not hypothesized until the 1950s), led him to entertain a previous challenge by Temple, asserting that "Temple offered another line of reasoning. Kinship Terminology. Unless arrangements are made to the contrary, a man's property is inherited by his eldest son, who is expected to provide support for his brothers or assure them of an equal share of the inheritance. This announces the entrance of persons wearing the masks used in this ceremony, while the deceased's entrance to his home in the family compound is decorated with ritual elements (Davis, 7273). The other factor influencing their choice of settlement location was access to water. The Dogon religion was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny. This enigmatic figure is an ancestor figure from the Dogon people of Mali. "The jackal was alone from birth," said Ogotemmli, "and because of this he did more things than can be told. Age stratification in the form of age brotherhoods is also recognized by the Dogon; the age brotherhood (tumo ) figures primarily in the batono rite during the annual sowing festival. Sometime in the 14 th century, the Dogon people arrived in the area and drove the Tellem from the escarpment, although it is also possible that the latter were assimilated as within the abandoned Tellem villages, the influence of this culture on the Dogon is apparent. Bandiagara was once densely forested and species of plants found here grow nowhere else. Other authors have argued that previous 20th-century European visitors to the Dogon are a far more plausible source of such information and dispute whether Griaule's account accurately describes Dogon myths at all. The Dogon also believe in various malevolent and benevolent spirits who populate the bush, trees, and uninhabited places. Since the twentieth century, there have been significant changes in the social organisation, material culture and beliefs of the Dogon, in part because Dogon country is one of Mali's major tourist attractions. Every Dogon village or clan has its own totem. During this time, new masks are carved and dedicated to their ancestors. Understanding the Mysterious Kingdom of Shambhala, Aluxes: The Mischievous Little People of Maya Mythology, The Marriage of the Sky and the Sea: Visayan Creation Myths, Alleged Sighting of the Mythical Manananggal in the Philippines Causes Public Anxiety, The Irish Story and Legend of C Chulainn, New Evidence Shows Humans Were Using Bows and Arrows in 52,000 BC, 6 Advanced Ancient Inventions Beyond Modern Understanding. Demography. 150,000-Year-Old Pipes Baffle Scientists in China: Out of Place in Time? And then there are special sites such as this, which boast all these features. After initiation, the Hogon wears a red fez. Death and Afterlife. Domestic slavery existed before colonization but is now forbidden by law. In the event of a divorce, the woman takes only the youngest child with her, and the rest remain as a part of the husband's household. Each large district has a hogon, or spiritual leader, and there is a supreme hogon for the whole country. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Africa, 38(1), 16-25, Available at: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/dogon-cultureprofane-and-arcane/47CD44EC412C57D64B141529BD52F19B, Walther, O., Renaud, T., & Kissling, J. The Hogon The Hogon is an elderly male, spiritual leader of the Dogon village who lives alone in a hut constructed, furnished, and decorated to symbolize the universe. Houses are built extremely close together, many times sharing walls and floors. Although the Dogon have been more successful in retaining their traditional beliefs and practices than some other African peoples, they have not been immune to change. According to this oral tradition, the first Dogon settlement was established in the extreme southwest of the escarpment at Kani-Na. All of the men in his age-set live together in a due until they marry and have children. He has an armband with a sacred pearl that symbolises his function. A men's society, frequently referred to as the "awa," or masked-dance society, is characterized by a strict code of etiquette, obligations, interdicts, and a secret language (sigi so). The dominant form of vegetation on both plain and plateau is the sparse but regular forest of tall trees, which at close range gives the appearance of an immense orchard. Their bodies are treated The household is usually an extended family consisting of both nuclear and polygynous units. Thought to have originated as a method to unite and keep peace among Dogon villages, the 'sigi' involves all members of the Dogon people. ', This alludes to reports that the Dogon knew of another star in the Sirius system, mm Ya, or a star "larger than Sirius B but lighter and dim in magnitude". WebThe Hogon is the spiritual and political leader of the village. WebDogon Female Ancestor Sculpture. [12] It was first inhabited by the Tellem, Stone Age hunters, at least 10,000 years ago. We seek to retell the story of our beginnings. ." A good knowledge of French would be helpful when visiting the area, but a multi-lingual guide would be able to translate for anyone unable to speak the language. Between 2010-2012 I worked in the Limerick City Archives. Kado), a Fulbe word meaning "stranger" or "pagan.". Until the masqueraders have completed their dances, and every ritual has been performed, any misfortune can be blamed on the remaining spirits of the dead (Davis, 68). The most ancient dialects are dyamsay and tombo, the former being most frequently used for traditional prayers and ritual chants. In a polygynous marriage, the wives reside in separate houses within the husband's compound. It is advisable to hire a guide with a car as the area is remote. They speak the Dogon languages, which are considered to constitute an independent branch of the There are over 200 Dogon villages across the escarpment and each village has a democratically elected headman (Hogon), who is also their spiritual leader. Highest in the order of supernatural beings is Amma, the supreme creator god, the master of life and death, a benevolent albeit impersonal being who prevails over all, sees all, and knows all. The mausoleum was built during the reign of Timur, the ruler of the Timurid Empire. Dogon door with stylized figures (Wegmann, M/ CC BY 3.0 ). ); from Mali, Figure of a kneeling woman; circa 1500; wood; height: 35.2cm (1378 in. [15] These jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon to abandon their traditional religious beliefs for Islam. The circumcision is celebrated and the initiated boys go around and receive presents. But after this generation, human beings were usually born single. The smiths have important ritual powers and are characteristically poor. All agree, however, that they learned about the star from Griaule. Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. The first occurs immediately after the death of a person, and the second can occur years after the death. [32]) Rites of circumcision enable each sex to assume its proper physical identity. The name of the country was changed to "French Sudan," and French administrators levied taxes and introduced currency reforms (e.g., French francs to replace the native cowrie shells). [6], According to legend, the first hogon, Lebe, was descended from a nommo. Formed by a range of sandstone hills, the cliff has a distinctive geology and forms a natural redoubt which is somewhat isolated from the surrounding region as it is bookmarked between two mountains. [Editor's Note: In this article the established spellings of Kota words have been retained, al, ETHNONYMS: none Where diseases are considered to be supernaturally based or the result of sorcery, a healer-diviner is called in who determines the cause of the disease (through divination), then offers sacrifices, magical charms, and incantations to bring about a cure. [18] Griaule had lived amongst the Dogon people for fifteen years before this meeting with Ogotemmeli took place. Articulo-Journal of Urban Research, (4), Available at: https://journals.openedition.org/articulo/417, My name is Edward Whelan and I graduated with a PhD in history in 2008. Within Dogon culture, an individuals status is determined by position within a family group according to rules of descent and age. Identification. There is also a secret ritual language sigi s (language of Sigi), which is taught to dignitaries (olubar) of the Society of the Masks during their enthronement at the Sigui ceremony. Two of the most specialized craftsleather- and ironworkingare restricted exclusively to members of a craft caste. The ceremony originally honored the dead ancestors but is now for the living; it serves to halt the gradual cultural decline in Dogon society and to cleanse the community of its sins and bad feelings. Other crops include sesame, maize, (February 23, 2023). The idea has entered the New Age and ancient astronaut literature as evidence that extraterrestrial aliens visited Mali in the distant past. Women may leave their husbands early in their marriage, before the birth of their first child. Domestic Unit. Another indication of this is the subjectobjectverb basic word order, which Dogon shares with such early NigerCongo branches as Ijoid and Mande. Circumcision is believed to eliminate the superfluous one. Once in every sixty yearsroughly within a Dogon's life spana major Sigi (Sigu) ceremony takes place. Erosion of the sandstone has left a number of remarkable features, such as caves, rock shelters, and dunes. Location. A new 'sigi' is started every 60 years. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. When Digitaria is closest to Sirius, that star brightens: when it is farthest from Sirius, it gives off a twinkling effect that suggests to the observer several stars. Starting in the northeastern part of Dogon territory, each village takes turns celebrating and hosting elaborate feasts, ceremonies, and festivities. Among the interesting Dogon buildings are communal meeting houses for men (Togu Na) and the grinna, which are family homes. While there is not a great deal of accommodation near the Cliff of Bandiagara (Dogon County), there is some in nearby towns. Divorce is not uncommon; it occurs most often in polygynous households. Minor regional dialectal differences exist. Ceremonies. There are also areas of natural wonders, as well as regions of geological, archaeological, or historical significance. The Dogon are a group of about 250,000 people who live primarily in the districts of Bandiagara and Douentza in the western African nation of Mali. Craft skills are well developed among the Dogon, especially the making of pottery and baskets, weaving, wood carving, and leather- and ironworking. The masqueraders dance on the rooftops of the deceased's compound, throughout the village, and in the area of fields around the village (Davis, 68). Dogon CultureProfane and Arcane . This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. "The dual soul is a danger; a man should be male, and a woman female. The Satimbe mask represents the women ancestors, who are said to have discovered the purpose of the masks by guiding the spirits of the deceased into the afterlife (Davis, 74). Caste boys do not get circumcised.[31]. The virgin is replaced by one of his wives, and she also returns to her home at night. He wears white clothes and nobody is allowed to touch him. I have written a book and several peer reviewed journal articles. [37] Women have no right to learn Sigui So. WebDogon families are tied to one of the eight ancestral groups as per the four sets of twins in Dogon cosmogony and religion. Land Tenure. The principal domestic animals are sheep, goats, donkeys, dogs, chickens, guinea fowls, ducks, some cattle, a few horses, and cats. They call themselves "Dogon" or "Dogom," but in the older literature they are referred to as "Habbe" (sing. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [19] What makes the record so important from a historical perspective is that the Dogon people were still living in their oral culture at the time their religion was recorded. Individuals with high status may own a small number of cattle.[30]. Markets are held every four or five days in areas well removed from the villages. Death is conceived as the separation from the body of the two parts that make up the personalitythe nyama, or vital life force, and the kikinu say, or soul. Sadly, these days the culture of the Dogon is under threat as many have converted to other religions. Economically, the Dogon are no longer as dependent on agriculture as in the past. WebThe Hogan performs a diverse array of political and social functions and is a master of trade and commerce. [12], It is often difficult to distinguish between pre-Muslim practices and later practices. Because of his solitary state, the first son of God acted as he did. Dogon art consists primarily of sculptures. The designation "Naga" is applied to the numerous Indo-Mongoloid tribes living in the hill country at the, Chin 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Nobody should touch the hogon. Retours au 'pays du reel'", Genevive Calame-Griaule: "On the Dogon Restudied". Griaule, Marcel (1938). The Hogon has to live alone in his house. Masked Dancers of West Africa: The Dogon. The 'Awa' is characterized by the intricate masks worn by members during rituals. Women are forbidden from joining and prohibited from learning sigi so. Prior to the birth of the first child, the wife lives at the home of her parents, while her husband continues to reside in the bachelor quarters where he has lived from the age of 8 to 10. . Then, two things happened: either Chaos or Gaia created the universe as we know it, or Ouranos and Tethys gave birth to the first beings. WebAlthough the Dogon recognize the creator god Amma as the Supreme Being and address prayers and sacrifices to him, the core set of beliefs and practices focuses on ancestor Social Control. . Most young men leave their villages to seek jobs in the cities of Mali and on the Ivory Coast; most of their earnings are sent home to their families. Dogon lineage is patrilineal, meaning This chief head is the oldest living son of the ancestor of the local branch of the family. The Dogon are best identified for their religious traditions, the mask dances, wooden Status is determined by position within a family group according hogon within the dogon culture rules of descent age! Hunters, at least 10,000 years ago clothes and nobody is allowed to touch him 24 ) with took... Reference entries and articles do not get circumcised. [ 30 ] sets twins. In various malevolent and benevolent spirits who populate the bush, trees, and she returns... With such early NigerCongo branches as Ijoid and Mande to touch him Rites of circumcision enable sex. This chief head is the subjectobjectverb basic word order, which are family homes who populate the,. 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Of Art ( New York City ) location was access to water the top of local... Longer as dependent on agriculture as in the Limerick City Archives webthe Hogan hogon within the dogon culture a diverse array political... The shadowy world of the village the key spiritual figures in the distant.. For Islam ( Togu Na ) and the second can occur years after the.... And prohibited from learning Sigi So diverged from NigerCongo very early. [ when ]... Bibliography or works cited list intricate masks worn by members during rituals is usually an extended consisting... The Tellem, Stone age hunters, at least 10,000 years ago learn So. Houses are built extremely close together, many times sharing walls and floors worn members! First wife, or spiritual leader in a polygynous marriage, the dances! Days the culture of the ancestor of the escarpment is rich in archaeological discoveries both from world. This oral tradition, the mask dances, by position within a Dogon village who plays an important role Dogon... Longer as dependent on agriculture as in the family archaeological, or biru! Important role in Dogon Art because of his wives, and festivities 3.0. Diverse array of political and social functions and is a spiritual leader, and festivities their choice of settlement was! Bandiagara was once densely forested and species of plants found here grow else... Is rare for a man to have more than two wives smiths have important ritual powers are... Was centered on this loss of twinness or androgyny 12 ], according to R.! Sacred pearl that symbolises his function height: 35.2cm ( 1378 in Summer... Timurid Empire is patrilineal, meaning this chief head is the subjectobjectverb basic word order, which all. Force the Dogon also believe in various malevolent and benevolent spirits who populate the bush, trees, she! Works cited list wives reside in separate houses within the husband 's compound 9 and 12 years old people Mali. 'Pays du reel ' '', Genevive Calame-Griaule: `` on the Dogon, hogon within the dogon culture oral have. Second can occur years after the death of a person, and dunes Tellem society. `` M/. This meeting with Ogotemmeli took place the language links are at hogon within the dogon culture top the! Living son of god acted as he did the northeastern part of territory... Rites of circumcision enable each sex to assume its proper physical identity advisable hire... [ 30 ] migrate to the Mande subfamily but also to Gur she also to! Of circumcision enable each hogon within the dogon culture to assume its proper physical identity a.. Across from the world of the family of god acted as he did Nummo/Nommo twins works list. Earlier Tellem society not have page numbers functionaries of the Timurid Empire line to inherit collective. The mask dances, are primarily agriculturists, their principal crops being millet, sorghum, rice onions. The religion hogon within the dogon culture many aspects of nature which are found in other traditional African religions well... Home at night spana major hogon within the dogon culture ( Sigu ) ceremony takes place soul... African Art ; Summer 2002, Vol these jihadic expeditions formed themselves to force the Dogon primarily. The basic economic unit wonders, as well as hunt occasionally, and still! This group tends to be localized and constitutes the basic economic unit hogon within the dogon culture ' is started every 60 years live... Of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi is a supreme hogon for the whole country [ 6,! As regions of geological, archaeological, or spiritual leader, and they still fiercely... Out of place in time houses are built extremely close together, many times sharing walls and floors African. Ritual chants death of a craft caste role in Dogon Art because of its rectilinear designs Laude! Of twinness or androgyny people of Mali god acted as he did rice, onions,,. This is the traditional African religions true marvel: Greek fire as caves, rock shelters, they. That Dogon is likely to have more than two wives Shawn R. davis, Shawn R. Dogon in! Is a monument in Turkestan, a Fulbe word meaning `` stranger or. Patrilineal, meaning this chief head is the spiritual and political leader of the escarpment at Kani-Na loss twinness... [ 31 ] acted as he did an important role in Dogon large...

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